Chhath Puja 2025 History, Significance, Rituals: On October 27 this year falls the third day of the Chhath festival, which will conclude a day later. With Bihar going to polls soon, Chhath has attracted a lot of political attention this year, with leaders across party lines offering greetings.
While Chhath has been celebrated in Bihar, parts of eastern Uttar Pradesh and Nepal for centuries, over the past decade or so, it has become a lot more visible across the country. Every year, TV channels flash visuals of Chhath being celebrated on the banks of the Thames, the shores of the Pacific ocean, and in other parts of the world.
What is Chhath puja and why is it celebrated? Which deity is Chhathi maiya? What is it about Chhath that makes it so close to the Bihari heart?
Beliefs behind why Chhath is celebrated
Chhath Puja is a four-day elaborate celebration in honour of the Sun. It involves a long fast without water, and making offerings to Usha and Pratyusha, the light of the rising and the setting Sun, while standing in a water body. The prominent rituals begin from the sixth day (shashthi) of the Kartik shukla paksha, which means the waxing-moon fortnight of the month of Kartik.
Several beliefs are prevalent about why Chhath is observed. Some believe that it is a carryover from the time that man worshipped nature. The Rig Veda mentions elaborate rituals to worship the sun.
Others trace its origins in the great epics, the Ramayana and the Mahabharata.
After Lord Ram and Goddess Sita returned victorious to Ayodhya from Lanka, they are said to have observed a fast and conducted a yagna for the Sun god.
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In the Mahabharata, when the Pandavas were in exile, some sages visited them. Draupadi, realising she had nothing to offer them, went to sage Dhaumya for help. He advised her to observe a fast and pray to the Sun, and eventually, all her prayers were answered. In the same epic, Karna also organised an elaborate ceremony in honour of Surya (the Sun), his father.
“Both Sita and Draupadi conducted their Sun worship on the Kartik shukla paksha shashthi. Worshipping the Sun on shashthi is considered specially auspicious,” said Dr Ramesh Kumar Upadhyay, president of the Bhartiya Jyotish Aadhyatm parishad in Jamshedpur.
Today, Chhath is a festival that epitomises religiosity in Bihar, and countless devotees join their hands as the Sun’s rays spread over them.
Chhatth Puja celebrations at Juhu Beach in 2023. (Express Photo: Amit Chakravarty)
While only some people observe the fast, the entire community gets involved in making the festival a success — cleaning river banks and the roads leading up to those banks, gathering all the little things needed for the rituals, and preparing thekuas, the prasad for the festival which is now synonymous with Bihari cuisine.
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How Chhath is celebrated
Chhath Puja begins six days after Diwali, in October-November. Some people celebrate it in the month of Chaitra also (in April), which is called the Chaiti Chhath.
Chhathi maiya or Mother Chhathi, Sun’s sister, is considered an exacting but generous deity. While the rules governing the four-day festival are exceedingly strict, immense spiritual gains are said to accrue to whoever observes them all successfully.
“Apart from being the Sun’s sister, Chhathi maiya is also the daughter of Rishi Kashyap and Aditi. She is the wife of Kartikeya, Lord Shiva’s son,” said Dr Upadhyay, who has a Phd from Kameshwar Singh Darbhanga Sanskrit University, said.
The first day of the festival is called naha kha, where those observing it take a meal (khana) only after a ceremonial bath in a river or a pond (nahana). Water brought back from the waterbody is used to make a chulha or a stove, and meals for those observing the fast are prepared on this for the rest of the festival. The meal partaken after the bath consists of a pumpkin sabzi.
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Over the years, those who can’t go to a waterbody have started observing all the rituals at home.
The second day is called kharna, on which the one observing the fast takes only one meal in the evening, of roti and kheer (rice pudding). This is also the day friends and family gather to prepare thekuas, which are essentially flour cakes with sugar or jaggery fried in ghee. The thekuas, also called khajoor, are prepared taking great precautions to make sure they are perfect for the deity. People can have them only after they have been offered to God.
After the roti-kheer meal begins a 36-hour fast, during which devotees don’t even drink water.
On the third day, devotees go to the banks of a water body. Those who can’t, build a temporary pool in their homes. The banks are decorated with diyas, rangoli, and sugarcane stalks. All the offerings to the gods — seasonal fruits like sweet potato, water chestnuts, pomelo, banana — are placed in soops (cane baskets) along with diyas.
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As the Sun sets, the person fasting raises the soop to it as an offering (arghya). Friends and family members of the one fasting pour milk or water on the soop. This is called the Sanjh ka Arghya, or the evening offering. The next day, the same ritual is conducted at dawn, for the rising Sun, called the Bhor ka Arghya, and the community returns home from the riverbanks, grateful for the successful conclusion of a difficult festival and for having taken part in it.
Murugan and his consorts by Raja Ravi Varma. In Tamil Nadu, Skanda Sashti is observed around the same time as Chhath, where Lord Kartikeya and his wives are worshipped. Chhathi maiya is Kartikeya’s wife. (Photo: Wikimedia Commons)
In South India too, specially in Tamil Nadu, Skanda Sashti is observed around this period, where Lord Kartikeya and his wives are worshipped.
What makes Chhath unique?
There are many reasons that Chhath has such a special place in Purvanchalis’ heart. This festival means the coming together of the community, the legendary Bihari migrants returning home to soak themselves in the homeland and its culture once more.
For many Purvanchalis, ‘religiosity’ instantly invokes the lambent light at riverbanks, hundreds of twinkling diyas, Sharda Sinha songs, and a thousands-strong mass of humanity animated by a common purpose. There is no pushing or shoving, at the Chhath ghat, space is made for everyone.
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People from any caste can observe the festival. There are no priests involved, it is the devotee directly fasting for and praying to a visible, apparent God, who shines on everyone equally. The offerings made to the deity are of seasonal, locally produced and thus easily accessible fruit. No matter how rich or poor you are, the rules are the same for everyone, and the success of the festival lies in how faithfully you observe the rules, not on what scale you observe them at.
Last, and most important, is the message behind the festival — that everyone is equal in the eyes of God, that nature sustains us and is worth honouring, and that dusk is as important as dawn, because life is cyclical and what sets can, and will, rise again.
Chhath in election times
As the Purvanchali diaspora spreads, it has become an important votebank in many states. Thus, state governments far from Bihar now make arrangements for devotees to observe Chhath comfortably. This year, for example, a special ghat has been prepared along the Sabarmati Riverfront in Ahmedabad to welcome around 10,000 devotees, PTI reported. Gujarat Chief Minister Bhupendra Patel is likely to attend the event on Monday evening.
In Delhi, elaborate arrangements have been made on the banks of the Yamuna.
